Maslow’s theory of motivation

Maslow’s need priority model is one of the most widely referred to theories of motivation. Abraham Maslow, a clinical psychologist, thought (1943) that a person’s motivational needs could be arranged in a hierarchical manner, starting in an ascending order from the lowest to the highest needs and concluded that once a given level of needs (set of needs) was satisfied, if ceased to be a motivator. The next higher level of need to be motivated in order to motivate the individual. Although the hierarchical aspects of Maslow’s theory are subject to question and often not accepted, his identification of basic needs has been fairly popular.
The five categories of needs may be described as follows:

1. Physiological NeedsThese are the basic needs for sustaining human life itself: needs for food, drink, shelter, clothing, sleep, sex etc. Man can live on bread alone, if there is no bread. But once these basic needs are satisfied, they no longer motivate.
2. Safety NeedsSafety or securing needs are concerned with freedom from physical or psychological (mental) harm, danger, deprivation or threat, such as loss of jobs, property, food, clothing or shelter.
3. Social Or Affiliation Or Acceptance NeedsThese are belongingness needs emanating from human instinct of affiliation or association with others. These include owners, love and affection, needs of mutual relations, identification with some group etc. These are the needs more of mind and spirit than of physique.
4. Esteem NeedsThis set of needs represents higher level needs. These needs represent needs for self-respect, respect of others a general feeling of being worthwhile, competence, achievement, knowledge, independence, reputation, status and recognition.
5. Self-Actualization NeedsThis set of higher order needs concerns with reaching one’s potential as a total human being. It is the desire to become what one is capable of becoming, i.e. to maximum one’s capacity and abilities in order to accomplish something appreciable and self-fulfilling. It is a need for being creative or innovative, for transforming self into reality

Various definitions of Management

ManagementIt is very difficult to give a precise definition of the term management. Different management authors have viewed management from their own angles moreover, during the evolutionary process of management different thinkers laid emphasis on different expects. For example, F.W. Taylor emphasized engineering aspects, Elton Mayo laid emphasis on human relations aspects, E.F.L, Brech, George R. Terry emphasis on, decision making aspect, Ralph Davis stresses leadership aspect and some other like Barry Richman etc. emphasized integration or coordination aspect.
Some Important Definition of Management
1. Harold KoontzManagement is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.
2. George R. TerryManagement is a disconnect process consisting of planning organizing activating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources.
3. Donald J. CoughManagement is the art and science of decision making and leadership.
4. Mary Cushing NileGood Management, or scientific management, achieves a social objective with the best use of human and material energy and time, and with satisfaction for the participants and the public.
5. Henry FayolTo manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and to control.
6. Theo Haimann and William ScottManagement is a social and technical process which utilizes, resources, influences, human action and facilitates changes in order to accomplish organizatinal goals.
Thus, the above definitions bring out that

• Management us a social and technical process
• It consists of planning, organizing staffing, leading decision making coordinating and controlling.
• It is concerned with getting done i.e. accomplished pre-determined objective by the use of people and resources.
• It helps in the creation, direction, maintenance and operation of organization.
• It secures maximum benefits for the employer, the employees, and the community.